Antimicrobial Resistance: Previous and present efforts to fight against

Abstract

The growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to public health, with far-reaching effects for both individuals and healthcare systems. This review provides comprehensive overview of molecular and ecological forces that drive it, critically examines the past and present strategies to contain its spread, antibiotic resistance, looking at the biological, environmental, and social elements that lead to this global challenge. Understanding the main causes and acquiring effective interventions are key steps to resolve this critically worldwide concern. Constant and ground-breaking efforts, such as the discovery of new antimicrobial agents such as stewardship programs, one health approach, and global cooperation are required to restrict the spread of resistant pathogens. These initiatives are important to formulate effective strategies for future challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance. This review also looks at current solutions for combating the epidemic, including as increased surveillance, ethical prescribing practices, and public health campaigns targeted at lowering the incidence of resistant strains. Recognizing that no single solution is sufficient, we assess integrative frameworks that combine research and development (R&D) incentives, redesign of clinical-trial, antimicrobial stewardship, and revitalization of traditional medicine. Finally, we outline policy for control of AMR, global surveillance networks, pandemic style coordination to remove the implementation gap especially in disaster effected regions.