Prevalence of Selected Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Islamabad
Keywords:
Anemia, Cardiovascular Diseases, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemodialysis, Hypertension.Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence of selected traditional cardiovascular risk factors and CKD-related cardiovascular risk-associated abnormalities among patients with chronic kidney disease receiving maintenance hemodialysis.
Study Design:Descriptive cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Nephrology, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from 15 September 2020 to 14 March 2021.
Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients with CKD on maintenance hemodialysis, aged 18–70 years, were recruited using consecutive sampling. Patients with congenital or rheumatic heart disease, chronic liver disease or malignancy were excluded. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and laboratory investigations included complete blood count, serum calcium, phosphate, and HbA1C. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Associations were assessed using chi-square tests, with p ≤0.05
considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean age of participants was 51.2 ± 8.4 years; 103 (68.7%) were male and 47 (31.3%) female participants. Hypertension was present in 64.0% of patients, diabetes mellitus in 38.0%, hypocalcemia in 64.7%, hyperphosphatemia in 50.0%, and anemia in 72.0%. Anemia was slightly more prevalent in females (78.7%) than males (68.9%). Diabetes mellitus was significantly more common in males (44.7%) than females (23.4%) (p=0.013). Other risk factors did not show statistically significant sex or age differences.
Conclusion: Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and CKD-related abnormalities associated with cardiovascular risk were highly prevalent among patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Anemia was the most prevalent CKD-related cardiovascular risk-associated abnormality, followed by hypocalcemia, hypertension, hyperphosphatemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
